Plague

Definition of plague. a serious (sometimes fatal) infection of rodents caused by Yersinia pestis and accidentally transmitted to humans by the bite of a flea that has bitten an infected animal; an annoyance; "those children are a damn plague"; any epidemic disease with a high death rate; any large scale calamity (especially when thought to be sent by God)

Collection. by Mark Cartwright. published on 26 March 2020. Plagues have swept through humanity ever since communities have gathered together in concentrated groups. In this collection of resources, we look at just some of the pandemics that raged throughout Antiquity and the Middle Ages, from the plague that ripped through Athens in the 5th ...Feb 28, 2022 · Plague is caused by Yersinia pestis bacteria. It can be a life-threatening infection if not treated promptly. Plague has caused several major epidemics in Europe and Asia over the last 2,000 years. Plague has most famously been called "the Black Death" because it can cause skin sores that form black scabs. A plague epidemic in the 14th century ... Bubonic plague is one of three types of plague caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. [1] One to seven days after exposure to the bacteria, flu-like symptoms develop. [1] These symptoms include fever, headaches, and vomiting, [1] as well as swollen and painful lymph nodes occurring in the area closest to where the bacteria entered the skin. [2] Wright — a staff writer at The New Yorker, where the article that “The Plague Year” is based on first appeared — has performed a virtuoso feat and given us a book of panoramic breadth. It ...Nov 26, 2019 · Plague is a plausible diagnosis for people who are sick and live in, or have recently traveled to, the western United States or any other plague-endemic area. The most common sign of bubonic plague is the rapid development of a swollen and painful lymph gland called a bubo. A known flea bite or the presence of a bubo may help a doctor to ... “[Blurbs] are a PLAGUE on this industry” said Lucy Carson (emphasis her own), a literary agent at The Friedrich Agency who has worked with literary bigwigs like Pulitzer Prize-winner Elizabeth ...

The bubonic plague was the most commonly seen form during the Black Death, with a mortality rate of 30-75% and symptoms including fever of 38 - 41 °C (101-105 °F), headaches, painful aching joints, nausea and vomiting, and a general feeling of malaise. Of those who contracted the bubonic plague, 4 out of 5 died within eight days. The disease is most common in parts of Africa, Asia and South America, but it also occurs in some areas of the western United States. Symptoms can include an abrupt onset of chills, fever, and enlarged, painful lymph nodes (buboes). Most cases of plague resolve with effective treatment, though treatment must be started immediately to avoid life ...The terms the plague or just plague (without the or a) refer to an infectious disease caused by a bacterium spread from rats to humans by means of flea bites. This plague is what is meant by the Black Death , which was a form of bubonic plague that spread over Europe in the 1300s and killed about a quarter of the population.In a plague emergency, CDC and other federal agencies would work closely with state and local partners to coordinate a response. CDC and other federal agencies would respond by: Coordinating activities through the Emergency Operations Center. Communicating information about plague to the public. Providing guidance to healthcare providers ...Plague definition, an epidemic disease that causes high mortality; pestilence. See more. People infected with plague usually develop influenza-like symptoms after an incubation period of 3–7 days. Symptoms include fever, chills, aches, weakness, vomiting and nausea. There are 3 main forms of plague. Bubonic plague is the most common and is caused by the bite of an infected flea.Nov 27, 2018 · New plague vaccines are in development but are not expected to be commercially available in the immediate future. Page last reviewed: November 27, 2018 Content source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID) , Division of Vector-Borne Diseases (DVBD) Plague. Plague is an infectious disease caused by Yersinia pestis bacteria, usually found in small mammals and their fleas. The disease is transmitted between animals via their fleas and, as it is a zoonotic bacterium, it can also transmit from animals to humans. Humans can be contaminated by the bite of infected fleas, through direct contact ...

Sep 4, 2023 · Pneumonic plague affects the lungs and causes symptoms similar to those of severe pneumonia: fever, weakness, and shortness of breath. Fluid fills the lungs and can cause death if untreated. Other symptoms may include insomnia, stupor, a staggering gait, speech disorder, and loss of memory. Septicemic plague is an infection of the blood. Its ... Bubonic plague is one of three types of plague caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. [1] One to seven days after exposure to the bacteria, flu-like symptoms develop. [1] These symptoms include fever, headaches, and vomiting, [1] as well as swollen and painful lymph nodes occurring in the area closest to where the bacteria entered the skin. [2]Plague. Plague is an infectious disease caused by Yersinia pestis bacteria, usually found in small mammals and their fleas. The disease is transmitted between animals via their fleas and, as it is a zoonotic bacterium, it can also transmit from animals to humans. Humans can be contaminated by the bite of infected fleas, through direct contact ... Florida Health. Disease Control. [email protected]. 850-245-4444. Florida Health. 4052 Bald Cypress Way. Tallahassee, FL 32399. Plague is an acute, bacterial disease caused by Yersinia pestis, a Gram-negative bacteria that is transmitted from rodent to rodent by infected fleas.

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plague ý nghĩa, định nghĩa, plague là gì: 1. to cause worry, pain, or difficulty to someone or something over a period of time: 2. to annoy…. Tìm hiểu thêm. Florida Health. Disease Control. [email protected]. 850-245-4444. Florida Health. 4052 Bald Cypress Way. Tallahassee, FL 32399. Plague is an acute, bacterial disease caused by Yersinia pestis, a Gram-negative bacteria that is transmitted from rodent to rodent by infected fleas.The plague as an actual event figures prominently in only one of Shakespeare’s plays. Friar Laurence in “Romeo and Juliet” has asked a fellow friar to deliver a crucial message to the exiled ...Mar 28, 2023 · Septicemic plague (Black Death or black plague) symptoms and signs include fever, weakness, abdominal pain, chills, and shock. Tissue bleeding and death may cause the dying tissues to appear black. Pneumonic plague symptoms and signs include characteristic pneumonia symptoms like chest pain, shortness of breath, cough, fever, chills, nausea ... Feb 28, 2022 · Plague is caused by Yersinia pestis bacteria. It can be a life-threatening infection if not treated promptly. Plague has caused several major epidemics in Europe and Asia over the last 2,000 years. Plague has most famously been called "the Black Death" because it can cause skin sores that form black scabs. A plague epidemic in the 14th century ... Pneumonic plague is the most serious form of the disease and the only form that can spread from person to person. As a result of a bioterrorist attack, sick people would likely be seen outside the areas where plague naturally occurs due to the potential for release in other areas and person-to-person spread between close contacts.

plague: [noun] a disastrous evil or affliction : calamity. a destructively numerous influx or multiplication of a noxious animal : infestation. May 7, 2020 · The plague as an actual event figures prominently in only one of Shakespeare’s plays. Friar Laurence in “Romeo and Juliet” has asked a fellow friar to deliver a crucial message to the exiled ... Septicemic plague can occur as the first symptom of plague or may develop from untreated bubonic plague. This form results from bites of infected fleas or from handling an infected animal. Pneumonic plague: The incubation period of pneumonic plague is usually just 1 to 3 days. Patients develop fever, headache, weakness, and a rapidly developing ...May 18, 2023 · Plague. Plague, caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, is a disease that affects humans and other mammals. People typically get infected after being bitten by a rodent flea that is carrying the bacterium or by handling a plague-infected animal. Although the disease killed millions in Europe during the Middle Ages, antibiotics effectively ... Plague is endemic in Madagascar and outbreaks occur regularly, although every outbreak is cause for concern. Furthermore, pneumonic plague is a notifiable disease under the International Health Regulations 2005. By the following day, 30 August, 25 suspected cases of pneumonic plague had been notified to the health authorities from Arivonimamo ...The Justinian Plague of 541-544 . The first great pandemic of bubonic plague where people were recorded as suffering from the characteristic buboes and septicaemia was the Justinian Plague of 541 CE, named after Justinian I, the Roman emperor of the Byzantine Empire at the time. The epidemic originated in Ethiopia in Africa and spread to ...What is plague? Plague is a disease caused by Yersinia pestis that affects rodents (e.g., squirrels, prairie dogs, or mice), other mammals (e.g., rabbits or hares), and humans. These bacteria are found in many areas of the world, including the western United States. There are three forms of plague: bubonic (lymph node infection), pneumonic (lung […] What is plague? Plague is a disease caused by Yersinia pestis that affects rodents (e.g., squirrels, prairie dogs, or mice), other mammals (e.g., rabbits or hares), and humans. These bacteria are found in many areas of the world, including the western United States. There are three forms of plague: bubonic (lymph node infection), pneumonic (lung […] Nov 16, 2022 · Over 80% of United States plague cases have been the bubonic form. In recent decades, an average of seven human plague cases have been reported each year (range: 1–17 cases per year). Plague has occurred in people of all ages (infants up to age 96), though 50% of cases occur in people ages 12–45. It occurs in both men and women, though ... Plague is an illness you get from Yersinia pestis bacterium. You usually get the most common form (bubonic plague) from flea bites, but you can get pneumonic plague from someone who’s infected. Plague caused deadly pandemics in the past and still exists in many countries today. You can survive plague if you’re treated with antibiotics quickly.Plague Inc. is a unique mix of high strategy and terrifyingly realistic simulation with over 700 million games played! Your pathogen has just infected 'Patient Zero'. Now you must bring about the end of human history by evolving a deadly, global Plague whilst adapting against everything humanity can do to defend itself. Brilliantly executed ...

In a plague emergency, CDC and other federal agencies would work closely with state and local partners to coordinate a response. CDC and other federal agencies would respond by: Coordinating activities through the Emergency Operations Center. Communicating information about plague to the public. Providing guidance to healthcare providers ...

The Black Death was a devastating global epidemic of bubonic plague that struck Europe and Asia in the mid-1300s. Explore the facts of the plague, the symptoms it caused and how millions died...plague n. (infestation of insects or rats) invasion nf. (de moustiques, sauterelles,...) nuée nf. The citizens of Hamlin called on the services of the Pied Piper because of a plague of rats. Les citoyens de la ville de Hamelin ont fait appel au service du joueur de flûte à cause d'une invasion de rats. plague n. Plague definition, an epidemic disease that causes high mortality; pestilence. See more. New plague vaccines are in development but are not expected to be commercially available in the immediate future. Page last reviewed: November 27, 2018 Content source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID) , Division of Vector-Borne Diseases (DVBD)Pneumonic plague transmission Although plague can sometimes spread from person to person, this is rare.1 A person who has pneumonia caused by plague may cough up droplets that contain plague bacteria. These bacteria-containing droplets can cause pneumonic plague if they are breathed in by another person nearby.Plague - Bubonic, Pneumonic, Septicaemic: Plague is an ancient disease that was described during Classical times as occurring in North Africa and the Middle East. It is sometimes presumed to be the disease behind several historic epidemics, such as the pestilence described as striking the Philistines in the biblical book of 1 Samuel.Bubonic plague: Humans can come into contact with plague when an infected flea bites a person or when materials that have plague bacteria enter through a break (a cut or sore) in a person's skin. This is the most common form of plague. Pneumonic plague: Humans can come into contact with plague when a person breathes in plague bacteria from the air.

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The plague is a serious bacterial infection that can be deadly. Sometimes referred to as the “black plague,” the disease is caused by a bacterial strain called Yersinia pestis.This bacterium ...Bubonic plague: Humans can come into contact with plague when an infected flea bites a person or when materials that have plague bacteria enter through a break (a cut or sore) in a person's skin. This is the most common form of plague. Pneumonic plague: Humans can come into contact with plague when a person breathes in plague bacteria from the air.Aug 23, 2023 · Plague Inc. is a unique mix of high strategy and terrifyingly realistic simulation. Your pathogen has just infected 'Patient Zero'. Now you must bring about the end of human history by evolving a deadly, global Plague whilst adapting against everything humanity can do to defend itself. Brilliantly executed with innovative gameplay and built ... Sep 24, 2020 · History of Plague Epidemics. The plague has afflicted humanity for thousands of years.1, 2, 3 Molecular studies identified the presence of the Y. pestis plague DNA genome in 2 Bronze Age skeletons dated at roughly 3800 years old. 9 In the biblical book 1 Samuel from approximately 1000 BCE, the Philistines experience an outbreak of tumors associated with rodents, which might have been bubonic ... The bubonic plague was the most commonly seen form during the Black Death, with a mortality rate of 30-75% and symptoms including fever of 38 - 41 °C (101-105 °F), headaches, painful aching joints, nausea and vomiting, and a general feeling of malaise. Of those who contracted the bubonic plague, 4 out of 5 died within eight days. Apr 7, 2020 · Experts believe that the name “Black Plague” was a mistranslation of the Latin word “atra mors” which could mean either “terrible” or “black.”. It was originally estimated that on average, a third of the population of affected areas was wiped out by the plague over its most destructive decade between 1346 and 1353, but other ... 11 hours ago · Since the Act was enacted in 1966, NHTSA has recalled more than 390 million cars, trucks, buses, recreational vehicles, motorcycles, and mopeds. From 2018 through 2022 there were about 32 million ... a. : an epidemic disease causing a high rate of mortality : pestilence. b. : a virulent contagious febrile disease that is caused by a bacterium (Yersinia pestis) and that occurs in bubonic, pneumonic, and septicemic forms. called also black death. 3. a.List of epidemics and pandemics. 17th-century German "plague panel" depicting the triumph of death. Panels of this kind were placed on the walls of houses to warn against the plague. A plague epidemic raged in Augsburg, Bavaria, between 1632 and 1635. This is a list of the largest known epidemics and pandemics caused by an infectious disease. Feb 7, 2022 · Responding to a Plague Bioterrorism Event. Kettles, buckets, lanterns, and other equipment were used in catching rats during the Public Health Service campaign against the New Orleans plague epidemic of 1914-1920. (Library of Medicine) Page last reviewed: February 7, 2022. Content source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National ... ….

Plague is a disease that affects humans and other mammals. It is caused by the bacterium, Yersinia pestis. Humans usually get plague after being bitten by a rodent flea that is carrying the plague bacterium or by handling an animal infected with plague. Plague is infamous for killing millions of people in Europe during the Middle Ages.The Black Death of 1347-1352 CE is the most infamous plague outbreak of the medieval world, unprecedented and unequaled until the 1918-1919 CE flu pandemic in the modern age. The cause of the plague was unknown and, in accordance with the general understanding of the Middle Ages, was attributed to supernatural forces and, primarily, the will or ...11 hours ago · Since the Act was enacted in 1966, NHTSA has recalled more than 390 million cars, trucks, buses, recreational vehicles, motorcycles, and mopeds. From 2018 through 2022 there were about 32 million ... What is plague? Plague is a disease caused by Yersinia pestis that affects rodents (e.g., squirrels, prairie dogs, or mice), other mammals (e.g., rabbits or hares), and humans. These bacteria are found in many areas of the world, including the western United States. There are three forms of plague: bubonic (lymph node infection), pneumonic (lung […] Background. There are three types of plague. Most of the sick in 1665-1666 had bubonic plague. This created swellings (buboes) in the lymph nodes found in the armpits, groin and neck. Plague sufferers experienced headaches, vomiting and fever. They had a 30% chance of dying within two weeks. The bubonic plague was the most commonly seen form during the Black Death, with a mortality rate of 30-75% and symptoms including fever of 38 - 41 °C (101-105 °F), headaches, painful aching joints, nausea and vomiting, and a general feeling of malaise. Of those who contracted the bubonic plague, 4 out of 5 died within eight days.History of Plague Epidemics. The plague has afflicted humanity for thousands of years.1, 2, 3 Molecular studies identified the presence of the Y. pestis plague DNA genome in 2 Bronze Age skeletons dated at roughly 3800 years old. 9 In the biblical book 1 Samuel from approximately 1000 BCE, the Philistines experience an outbreak of tumors associated with rodents, which might have been bubonic ...Plague. Plague, caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, is a disease that affects humans and other mammals. People typically get infected after being bitten by a rodent flea that is carrying the bacterium or by handling a plague-infected animal. Although the disease killed millions in Europe during the Middle Ages, antibiotics effectively ... Plague, plague meaning: 1. to cause worry, pain, or difficulty to someone or something over a period of time: 2. to annoy…. Learn more., Nov 27, 2018 · New plague vaccines are in development but are not expected to be commercially available in the immediate future. Page last reviewed: November 27, 2018 Content source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID) , Division of Vector-Borne Diseases (DVBD) , The plague is treatable in humans and animals if caught and addressed early. CBSN Denver noted that last year, two people in Colorado were confirmed to have contracted the plague, and both survived., "Plague is a must-read book so revolutionary in its implications that its author courageously faced character assassination and unlawful incarceration to keep her findings from being relegated to the dustbin of medical history. Riveting, if not at times paradigm shifting, this book reveals a dark side to modern medi, In a plague emergency, CDC and other federal agencies would work closely with state and local partners to coordinate a response. CDC and other federal agencies would respond by: Coordinating activities through the Emergency Operations Center. Communicating information about plague to the public. Providing guidance to healthcare providers ..., Bubonic plague can advance and spread to the lungs, which is the more severe type of plague called Pneumonic plague. Pneumonic plague – or lung-based plague – is the most virulent form of plague. Incubation can be as short as 24 hours. Any person with pneumonic plague may transmit the disease via droplets to other humans., Plagues of Egypt. Scenes from the book of Exodus: The death of the firstborns (including the Pharaoh 's son), and the Israelites leaving Egypt ( Haggadah shel Pesaḥ, 1325–1374 CE, Barcelona via British Library) The Plagues of Egypt, in the account of the book of Exodus, are ten disasters inflicted on Biblical Egypt by the God of Israel in ... , Explore the history of the European plague doctor, and find out where their iconic outfit of a beaked mask and robe came from.--The year is 1656. Your body i..., Apr 16, 2020 · The plague hits Marseille, Paris and Normandy, and then the strain splits, with one strain moving onto the now-Belgian city of Tournai to the east and the other passing through Calais. and Avignon ... , Plague Inc: Evolved is a unique mix of high strategy and terrifyingly realistic simulation. Your pathogen has just infected 'Patient Zero' - now you must bring about the end of human history by evolving a deadly, global Plague whilst adapting against everything humanity can do to defend itself. Recent Reviews: Overwhelmingly Positive (361), Jul 22, 2021 · The 10-year-old child who died of plague earlier this month was a La Plata County resident. Plague is caused by bacteria and usually is transmitted by bites from infected fleas. Prairie dogs ... , Apr 7, 2020 · Experts believe that the name “Black Plague” was a mistranslation of the Latin word “atra mors” which could mean either “terrible” or “black.”. It was originally estimated that on average, a third of the population of affected areas was wiped out by the plague over its most destructive decade between 1346 and 1353, but other ... , Methods. CDC developed these guidelines after reviewing existing data on treatment and prophylaxis of plague, collecting and summarizing additional evidence, and gathering input from approximately 90 experts in numerous fields, including infectious diseases, emergency medicine, pharmacology, neonatology, obstetrics and gynecology, geriatrics, microbiology, epidemiology, and crisis standards of ..., Jul 22, 2021 · The 10-year-old child who died of plague earlier this month was a La Plata County resident. Plague is caused by bacteria and usually is transmitted by bites from infected fleas. Prairie dogs ... , There are three kinds of Plague disease: Bubonic plague disease – It is an infection in the lymph nodes of the body. The lymph nodes swell and cause serious pain and it is transmitted through the fleas that contain the bacteria. Pneumonic plague disease – It is a contagious disease that causes infection in the lungs., Plague. Plague, caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, is a disease that affects humans and other mammals. People typically get infected after being bitten by a rodent flea that is carrying the bacterium or by handling a plague-infected animal. Although the disease killed millions in Europe during the Middle Ages, antibiotics effectively ..., Nov 27, 2018 · New plague vaccines are in development but are not expected to be commercially available in the immediate future. Page last reviewed: November 27, 2018 Content source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID) , Division of Vector-Borne Diseases (DVBD) , Apr 20, 2023 · Plague symptoms are sudden and serious. If you are coughing or sneezing, you should wear a mask. You will likely go to an emergency room. If plague is suspected, you'll see a specialist in infectious disease. What you can do. If you are helping a person with plague-like symptoms, you can prepare for the appointment by taking the following steps: , Apr 20, 2023 · Plague symptoms are sudden and serious. If you are coughing or sneezing, you should wear a mask. You will likely go to an emergency room. If plague is suspected, you'll see a specialist in infectious disease. What you can do. If you are helping a person with plague-like symptoms, you can prepare for the appointment by taking the following steps: , Plagues of Egypt. Scenes from the book of Exodus: The death of the firstborns (including the Pharaoh 's son), and the Israelites leaving Egypt ( Haggadah shel Pesaḥ, 1325–1374 CE, Barcelona via British Library) The Plagues of Egypt, in the account of the book of Exodus, are ten disasters inflicted on Biblical Egypt by the God of Israel in ..., Plague was present in at least one location in the Islamic world virtually every year between 1500 and 1850. [56] Plague repeatedly struck the cities of North Africa. Algiers lost 30,000–50,000 to it in 1620–1621, and again in 1654–1657, 1665, 1691, and 1740–1742. [57] , Plague is an infectious disease caused by the bacteria Yersinia pestis, a zoonotic bacteria, usually found in small mammals and their fleas. It is transmitted between animals from their fleas. Humans can be contaminated by the bite of infected fleas, through direct contact with infected materials or by inhalation., Black Death. The Black Death (also known as the Pestilence, the Great Mortality or the Plague) [a] was a bubonic plague pandemic occurring in Western Eurasia and North Africa from 1346 to 1353. It is the most fatal pandemic recorded in human history, causing the deaths of 75–200 million people, [1] peaking in Europe from 1347 to 1351., The bubonic plague was the most commonly seen form during the Black Death, with a mortality rate of 30-75% and symptoms including fever of 38 - 41 °C (101-105 °F), headaches, painful aching joints, nausea and vomiting, and a general feeling of malaise. Of those who contracted the bubonic plague, 4 out of 5 died within eight days. , The plague bacteria can be transmitted to humans in the following ways: Flea bites. Plague bacteria are most often transmitted by the bite of an infected flea. During plague epizootics, many rodents die, causing hungry fleas to seek other sources of blood. People and animals that visit places where rodents have recently died from plague are at ..., Septicemic plague (Black Death or black plague) symptoms and signs include fever, weakness, abdominal pain, chills, and shock. Tissue bleeding and death may cause the dying tissues to appear black. Pneumonic plague symptoms and signs include characteristic pneumonia symptoms like chest pain, shortness of breath, cough, fever, chills, nausea ..., noun. an epidemic disease that causes high mortality; pestilence. an infectious, epidemic disease caused by a bacterium, Yersinia pestis, characterized by fever, chills, and prostration, transmitted to humans from rats by means of the bites of fleas.: Compare bubonic plague, pneumonic plague, septicemic plague., Apr 7, 2020 · Experts believe that the name “Black Plague” was a mistranslation of the Latin word “atra mors” which could mean either “terrible” or “black.”. It was originally estimated that on average, a third of the population of affected areas was wiped out by the plague over its most destructive decade between 1346 and 1353, but other ... , In a plague emergency, CDC and other federal agencies would work closely with state and local partners to coordinate a response. CDC and other federal agencies would respond by: Coordinating activities through the Emergency Operations Center. Communicating information about plague to the public. Providing guidance to healthcare providers ..., Florida Health. Disease Control. [email protected]. 850-245-4444. Florida Health. 4052 Bald Cypress Way. Tallahassee, FL 32399. Plague is an acute, bacterial disease caused by Yersinia pestis, a Gram-negative bacteria that is transmitted from rodent to rodent by infected fleas., Over 80% of United States plague cases have been the bubonic form. In recent decades, an average of seven human plague cases have been reported each year (range: 1–17 cases per year). Plague has occurred in people of all ages (infants up to age 96), though 50% of cases occur in people ages 12–45. It occurs in both men and women, though ..., Aug 29, 2023 · The Latin word also is the source of Old Irish plag (genitive plaige) "plague, pestilence," German Plage, Dutch plaage. Meaning "epidemic that causes many deaths" is from 1540s; specifically in reference to bubonic plague from c. 1600. Modern spelling follows French, which had plague from 15c. Weakened sense of "anything annoying" is from c. 1600. , This plague struck the earth, mainly Europe and Asia, from around 1346 to 1353. The plague killed between 75 and 200 million people. The cause of the plague was a bacterium called Yersinia pestis ...